Start Of American Revolution Essays - Governors Of Massachusetts

Start Of American Revolution 3 Causes of the final rupture between the 13 colonies and Great Britain between 1763 and 1775 There were many causes that brought on the start of the American Revolution. A great deal of the civil unrest was brought on by the acts that followed the end of the French and Indian War. At the end of the war, most of which was fought on American soil England had incurred a dept almost double that of when William Pitt took office. Because the war was fought for the colonists, much of England believed that that they should be the ones to recoup the great financial loss that England had suffered. The colonists disagreed, as they saw it the French and Indian War served to strengthen Englands hold in the colonies, and as British subjects thy should not be held accountable, while those in Britain had not impact. The first attempt for Britain to recoup their monetary losses came in the form The Revenue Act of 1764, or the Sugar Act, The Sugar Act gave troops the power to act as customs officials and board ships suspected of smuggling and allowed them to seize suspicious cargo. Smugglers caught without paperwork would be prosecuted in a harsh courtroom. Greenville, had hoped that this act would reform smugglers and generate a good income for England. However, this only annoyed American Shippers and enticed smugglers. The next big attempt that Britain put forth was the Stamp Act. The stamp Act was the preface for the first major conflict between Britain and the colonies. The stamp act was something new, a tax precipitated simply to raise money. The Stamp Act said that various types of documentation, such as newspapers, pamphlets, contracts, court documents, licenses, deeds, wills, ships bills of lading, all required a special stamp be embossed on the documents proving the tax had been paid. Also, the stamp was required to be paid in sterling silver, and hard money was very hard to come by in these days. The Act, though passed in February of 1765, did not take effect until November of that year, and by April the colonists had been notified, leaving them with 7 months to formulate a response. While the colonial governors were unlikely to do anything against the king, being that it was he that gave them office, this did not stop the colonial assemblies from meeting to discuss their objections and the ir recourse if they were to all out object. Eight of the colonies held discussions on the Stamp Act. By Octoebr 1765 delegates were sent to New York City by nine of the colonies to what became known as the Stamp Act Congress where they petitioned Greenville for repeal of the Tax. Their demands were to no avail. This distress at this taxation wran much deeper then any group of politicians. This tax affected the livelihood of many Americans, all those who requred any official paperwork would be affected and taxed. Each of these people needed to decide wether or not they would comply with this new law, or should they just boycott alltogether. The first massive effort to resist the act came in Boston, where Samuel Adams organized and led a large street demonstration in which they protest the tax by a mock execution of the designated stamp distributor, and by destroy what was purported to be the new stamp office. These protestors learned how powerful public dmonstration was and folowed i n the coming days with several more incidents. This was a victory for the colonists of Boston because no one volnteered to replace Olicer and on November 1st ships were permitted to pass without the prerequisite stamp, as there were not enough staff to force the issue. In March of 1766 the Stamp Act was repealed but ws replaced by the Declaratory Act which asserted Briotains right to legislate for the colonies. The final acts that I am going to discuss are the Coercive Acts of 1774. There were several happenings between the Stamp and and The Coercive Acts, thought I feel that the Coercive Acts are the real straws that broke the camels backs. The Coercive Acts, more commonly called the Intolerable Acts were in direct

Cytology essays

Cytology essays In Killing immune cells thwarts arthritis, written by John Travis is an experiment discussing the hypothesis and experimentation of Jonathan C. Edwards of The University College London. The topic was rheumatoid arthritis which affects 2.5 million people in the United States. Edwards hypothesis was that the condition stems from bad luck. This all meaning that the body generates millions of B-cells each day. If by bad luck B-cells make antibodies to themselves and other antibodies then this chaos would cause the disease rheumatoid arthritis. Edwards experimentation required the depletion of B-cells, thus eliminating the disease. After much research needed to provide the safety of the patients health, Edwards began with his experiment. Edwards first used twenty patients who had carried the disease for an average of twenty-two years of age and failed to drug treatment. Three drugs were then given to the patients: a B-cell killing antibody and two compounds that suppress new B-cell forma tion. After the completion of the experiment eighteen of the patients resulted with less pain and symptoms of the disease. Overall, Edwards hypothesis and experiment was a success. This article reflects on the class discussions in various ways. First, by the scientific method. The steps were followed as instructed properly. Also discussions over biological organization and the formation of cells to make tissue. B-cells are being discussed within the article and it directly relates to the hierarchy of biological organization. The last point that relates to class discussion is that B-cells produce antibodies which in turn fight off unwanted diseases such as cancer. Reading an article for AP biology helps me relate to many different topics and expand my thinking and relating of experiments to mind and in turn benefits me. As experimented by Jonathan Edwards, the hypothesis followed harmoniously along with the experiment tak ...

Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Biology Notes Essay Chromosomes: They are found inside the nucleus of cells. They are X Shaped Objects that Contain DNA. Each Chromosome is made from two Chromatids. Chromosomes are held together by a disc called a centromere. Chromosomes are always found in Pairs. A| T| G| C| C| G| DNA: It Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is Made from Nucleic acids of ten (referred to as bases). The four bases are Adenine (A) which always pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which always pairs with Guanine (G). Genes: A gene is the short length of the chromosome which is a molecule of a DNA. Genes can exist in Different Versions. Different Versions of the same gene are known as ALLELES. Each gene codes for a specific Protein. Some proteins are Structural, meaning they can form skin, hair, blood and cytoplasm. Others are Functional (enzymes) controlling chemical reactions such as respiration or digestion. Genetic Information is stored by Genes who are arranged on Chromosomes. Variation: This is the Difference between humans. There are two types of variation. The First is Genetic Variation (Caused by your Genes and can’t be changed e.g. your natural hair colour, eye colour). The Second is Environmental Variation (Caused by your surrounding and can be changed e.g. Dying your Hair, Ear Piercings). Genetic Variation: Caused by the DNA in the cells in your body. We Can’t Change this. Environmental Variation: Caused by your Surroundings, Family and Friends. We can Change this. Determining Your Gender: A Sperm Cell has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. An Egg Cell has two X Chromosomes. If the fertilised egg has a X Chromosome from the sperm the Foetus will be a Girl if it has a Y Chromosome (the Chromosome carrying Testosterone) the Foetus will Be a Boy. There is a 50:50 Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl. Further Gender Determination Chromosome pair 23 is known as the Sex Chromosomes. There are two Different types of of Chromosome 23 – The X and Y chromosome. The only Difference is that the Y chromosome carries the gene for testosterone, X does not. All Cells carry at least one X Chromosome. Sperm Cells carry either a Y or X chromosome. Allele – A different version of the same gene. Heterozygous – When There are two types of an allele in the genotype e.g. Bb – Brown. Homozygous – When there is only one type of Allele in the genotype e.g. BB(-Brown) or bb(-Blonde). B = Dominant – Always Expressed, b = Recessive – only expressed in a Homozygous genotype. Natural Cloning * The Hydra (Plant) Shows Budding * Asexual Reproduction – The Spider Plant and Strawberries often reproduce this way. Twins: They are formed by the fertilised egg splitting in half and the two halves turn into to two identical babies. Artificial Cloning For many years, mammals have been cloned by splitting embryos – Artificial Cloning. There are two types of Artificial Cloning Cloning Way 1 1. They take an egg cell from one mammal. 2. A Body Cell is taken from a second mammal (the same mammal as the first) 3. The egg cell nucleus is removed from the cell 4. The body cell nucleus is also removed 5. The Nucleus from the body cell is inserted into the egg cell to make a clone of the Second Mammal. 6. The egg cell divides and is put into the uterus of the first Mammal. The Clone grows into a mature mammal. Cloning Way 2 It isn’t just Reproductive Cloning (Cloning People/mammals) we could use this technology for. Cloning human cells may be useful in treating humans. Reproductive Cloning – When a baby is born from cloning A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which means they can turn into any type of cell required. They can therefore be used to make organs. They Can be used to replace damaged cells. Cystic Fibrosis * 1 in 200 Children are affected by Cystic Fibrosis. * Is an Inherited disease * They produce thick sticky mucus. This can block the air passages and the tubes that carry digestive juices to the gut. * The Child has trouble breathing and absorbing food. * Patients are treated by chest physio-therapy. * The Mucus is a good breeding ground for germs. * Sufferers often get infections and have to be treated with strong antibiotics. At the moment there is no cure. * Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive Allele(c) – So to contract the disease a person must have two recessive alleles (cc). * Heterozygous people (Cc) do not get the disease but can act as carriers and pass it on to their children. * The disease is shown from Birth. * It affects the lungs and gut. Huntington’s Disease * This is a rare inherited disease. * It affects about 1 in 20,000 * It shows up when the patient is about 30 – 40 years old. * The cells of the brain degenerate and the patient makes clumsy and jerky movements. * The sufferers become moody and depressed. * The memory is affected and they eventually become totally disabled. * Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant gene – so only one allele is needed to give the disease. * So all heterozygous people are sufferers because the onset of the disease occurs so late many people have produced a family before they find out they have the condition. * The Organ Effected is the Brain. Bacteria are known as micro-organisms. Many of these cause disease. Those that cause disease are called Pathogens. Other micro-organisms include Protozoans, Fungi and Viruses. Micro Organisms reproduce quickly in warm, damp places. Once inside a host of Pathogens reproduce and cause Infection. * Nat Bites/ Being Bitten * Eating * Touch * Sexually Transmitted * Bugs * Dogs/ Animals * Breathing it in * Birds * Injections * Cuts * Natural Openings * Blood Transplants * Organ Transplants Things that protect our Body from Pathogens * Eyebrows/ Eyelashes * Cilia * Acid * Mucus * Tears * Skin * White Blood Cells * Healing over cuts Gaining Immunity Example 1) James is Infected by some bacteria that causes a disease 2) The bacteria reproduce and James gets ill. 3) One of James’ white blood cells detect the bacteria. It makes anti bodies to destroy the bacteria. 4) The white blood cells reproduce. Now there are lots of them making Anti-bodies. 5) The bacteria are all killed. James gets better. 6) Most of the white blood cells that make the antibodies die, but a few of them stay in the blood. 7) James is infected with the same bacteria again. 8) The white blood cells to make the antibody are still in James’ Blood. So this time they are ready to kill the bacteria very quickly. 9) The bacteria are killed before they can make James ill. He is Immune to this disease. Anti-body = A Chemical made by White blood cells which binds to Antigen. Antigen = A marker on the surface of a Pathogen that identifies it as foreign. Pathogen = A micro-organism which causes Disease. White Blood Cells: * Produce Anti-bodies to neutralise the Microbe * They eat the microbe * They produce anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes. Producing Anti-bodies 1. A White Blood cell detects a pathogen. 2. A White Blood cell produces Anti-bodies. 3. The anti-bodies bind with Antigens. 4. The Pathogen is engulfed by the White Blood Cell. Natural Immunity This is when Anti-bodies are produced by a Person when needed or they are passed on by a mother during Pregnancy. A Vaccine with dead Microbes is injected – the body is ‘tricked’ into producing anti-bodies ready for the real thing. This is called Passive Immunisation. We should use the new influenza vaccines every year because influenza reproduces very quickly. Also it has a high mutation rate, which means that it changes so you need to continually be protected by Influenza. Especially if you suffer from other illnesses, because you would be at risk the most. Also the antigens would have changed shape. Benefits – Wont spread through a large population is a benefit. Also if a woman has a vaccination then falls pregnant she passes the antibodies onto the child. A vaccine Policy is a decision made by the government to vaccinate a large amount of people. This usually only works if the majority of people agree to it. Immunity/ Immune: When your body has already met a Pathogen once and therefore cannot make you ill again Antibody: These attach to pathogens and Stick the together. Vaccine/ Vaccination: An inactive or dead version of a pathogen is introduced into the body. Antigen: The marker on a Pathogen that a White Blood Cell can recognise. White Blood cells: a Cell that produces Antibodies. Antibiotics: * You take them and they kill the bacteria and it makes you better * You have to take them continually * They take a while to settle in * They kill infections * They are produced by Bacteria and Fungi * Are Drugs that are effective at killing Bacteria and Fungi * Antibiotics do not seriously damage body cells * Antibiotics are derived from micro-organisms * Penicillin comes from bread mould and was the first antibiotic discovered. * However they have limited use and have no effect on viruses. Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria and Fungi in an infection in the body. The chemicals are made from Fungi and Bacteria. Antibiotics are Drugs that kill Bacteria and Fungi without harming body cells. These drugs do not affect viruses. A Superbug Bacteria is a Mutation to a Normal Bacteria. It is resistant to normal Antibiotics. How could we help Reduce Superbugs? Hospitals Hospitals can make sure that they treat people with the Superbug properly to stop it from spreading. Keep the Hospital Clean. Inject staff to Stop it Spreading, and to make them Immune. GP Inject people more Often and Give out Leaflets. Drug Companies Make a more effective drug and make a vaccine. The Public Allow people to inject them and make them immune. Antibiotic Resistance 1. The cell starts to replicate the DNA 2. The cell has had the DNA Replicate. So therefore the cell has elongated. 3. The Cell has started budding. 4. Binary Fission has taken place and the cell has cloned itself. A Mutation is a change in the bases that make up DNA. These changes can cause a change in a gene. This can change a Protein and thus affect the Characteristics of an Organism. It is important to do strict test on drugs to check that they are safe for use, do what they are supposed to do and to check the side effects. Drugs are tested on human cells that have been developed in a laboratory (The drug is tested on different body cells), then it is tested on animals (to see whether it works as well on whole animals as on the cells) before it is used on human patients(these are tested on volunteers).The three drug trials are Double blind(both doctor and patient do not know the drug is new), Blind trial(only the patient does not know the drug is true but the doctor does), and Open trial(both doctor and patient know the drug is new). A placebo is when a doctor gives a patient something that does not contain Drugs. A Placebo is used in blind trials. Biology Notes. (2017, Jan 07).

Beijing china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beijing china - Essay Example These signs of Beijing being the cradle of civilization made many travelers to visit the city, considered the capital of the East’s civilization. This speech intends to give you overview information on Beijing, so that you may appreciate not only the role of the city in ancient civilization but also its central role in shaping the economy, politics, culture and social spheres of modern civilization. In this speech, Beijing’s history, location, population, administration, economic development, education, health, culture religion language hotels, climate, travel tips, transportation shopping and nightlife are explored. This information is not only important for visitors to the city such as international students but also to local students interested in the rich history and economic development of the city. Fact about Beijing In Chinese, Beijing means the city to the north. As mentioned earlier, Beijing’s history can be traced to more than eight centuries ago, durin g the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). Built as Beijing by the Jin Dynasty, the city would later be named Zhongdu, after being seized by Mongol armies in 1215 (Li et al., 2007). The city was later renamed the Great Capital (Dadu) by the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) later renamed it Beiping, the Northern Peace on August 2, 1368 (Tourbeijing.com, 2012). From this brief history of the city, it is clear that despite Beijing being started by the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), it was actually immensely reconstructed during the reign of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1644-1911). After these two dynasties, the city was transformed into an architectural masterpiece and emerged as the undisputed capital of the Chinese empire. Beijing’s location is the other aspect of the city worth knowing. Generally, Beijing covers approximately16, 800 square kilometers with 38% of it being flat land and 62% mountains. It is located 40 degrees north latitude and 116 degrees of longitudes (Tourbeijing.com, 2012). It is to the northern parts of China and borders Hebei Province to the north, west, south, and to a small extent, the east. It borders Tianjin Municipality to the southeast. As of 2009, Beijing’s population was 20 million people with about 5 million living within the city center and the rest on the peripheries. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into two counties and fourteen districts with Fengtai, Dongcheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Xicheng and Shijingshan being closer to the city while Tongzhou, Pinggu, Mentougou, Shunyi, Changping, Daxing, Huairou and Fangshan are on the outskirts. Economic Development, Health and Education A speech on Beijing would not be complete without mentioning the city’s economic development since its emergence. Of particular importance is the economic development of the city since the mid-20th century. In this period, Beijing transformed from a consumer city to a major industrial and global city. Currently, it does not only rank among the centers of power in China; Beijing is among the top Chinese investment hubs. In fact, with the current reforms in China, Beijing has managed to open up to improved urban construction. This development record saw the city host the Olympics Games in 2008 during which Beijing

The latest 4G communications development Research Paper

The latest 4G communications development - Research Paper Example Additionally, the 4G data transfer systems make it simple for employees to contribute in a video conference by making use of a small cell phone in the areas, or to tune in to high-quality data and information streaming video by using a mobile device. In this scenario, special networks are designed for 4G communication systems to operate flawlessly with accessible networks and offer worldwide roaming. In addition, an inactive user is able to get speed of 1 gigabits per second (Gbps) for downloading data and information through 4G communication systems (Renshaw; Turban, Leidner and McLean). Moreover, some of the well known standards for the 4G technology based systems are 802.20, HSDPA, WiMAX (802.16), UMTS, TDD UMTS and future editions of UMTS and proprietary networks from Navini Networks, Array Comm. Inc., In this scenario, Flarion Technologies is also deploying 4G technology based systems in China, India and Japan. In addition, the technology based design on which 4G technologies wi ll be based in known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Additionally, it is the main enabler of 4G technologies. In addition, some of the innovative and technological features of 4G include adaptive processing and elegant antennas, as well as both of them will be utilized in 3G networks and improve rates when utilized with OFDM (Tank; Wang and Katz). Moreover, at the present 3G networks yet transmit their data digitally above a single data transmission, while OFDM is designed to move information and data through the hundreds of parallel data transmission streams, as a result growing the extent of data and information that could be transmitted simultaneously through traditional CDMA communication networks (Tank; Wang and Katz). Furthermore, 4G technologies offer numerous advantages including higher bandwidth and quick response time. In fact, this technology offers 10 times quicker response time as compared to 3G. In addition, it is able to operate at 2.6GHz frequen cy that improves the network coverage even it makes use of the same tower where data and information is being received and transmitted for 3G. This technology also takes less time to build 4G for the reason that it makes use of the same tower and fiber-cables which are used by 3Gs however they simply have to enhance the towers by means of 4G components (Answers Corporation). In this scenario, the image given below offers a detailed description of the 4G technology. It demonstrates a detailed overview of the technology working and operations: Figure 1- 4G Technology: Source: http://www.m-indya.com/shownews.php?newsid=2248 AT&T Mobility LLC is a subsidiary of AT&T that is currently offering wireless support and services to more than 100.7 million users and subscribers in the US, Puerto Rico and other U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, AT&T Mobility has now turned out to be a one of the biggest wireless telecommunication suppliers in the US after Verizon Wireless that currently has more than 107.7 million clients. Additionally, AT&T Mobility is located in the Lenox Park region of DeKalb Co. Georgia, immediately outside the Atlanta (Ibrahim; Wikipedia). In this scenario, T-Mobile has established the policy to encourage its myTouch 4G device that makes use of HSPA+ network, because

Educational Preparation Essay Example for Free

Educational Preparation Essay Difference in Competencies Between Associate and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses There is much controversy surrounding the issue of the difference in competencies between nurses educated at the Associate (ADN) and Baccalaureate (BSN) level. This paper will discuss those differences in relation to Professional values, and risk-taking propensity. This paper will discuss how, even though numerous studies have been done that show there is little difference between the competencies of ADNs and BSNs, there is, in fact, a distinct difference. No one can deny that the health care industry has come a long way. This does not exclude the nursing field. There is a huge push by the Magnet hospitals to maintain that 80% of their nursing staff carry baccalaureate degrees by the year 2020. This is due to changes in the healthcare delivery system, as well as cost-containment (Masters, 1989). While baccalaureate prepared nurses have better access to jobs as new graduates and are looked at as being better prepared for the clinical workforce, until they have been working in the clinical sector there is really no difference between the experience level of an associate or baccalaureate prepared nurse. There is also a gray area, because graduates of both levels of education take the same licensing exam, and also have the same legal responsibilities (Masters, 1989). In the article â€Å"Analysis of Differences in Entry-Level RN Practice by Educational Preparation†, June E. Smith states that there was a very close relationship in pattern of practice between recently graduated Associate and Baccalaureate nurses (2002). She also wrote that â€Å"Within the first 6 months of practice, ADN and BSN graduates performed activities with remarkably similar frequencies† (Smith, 2002, p. 494). It is shown in the article â€Å"Professional Values Held by Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Nursing Students†, that there have been â€Å"no significant differences found between the two groups† (Martin, 2003, P. 292). This particular study was done out of a random selection of graduating students from a number of baccalaureate and associate degree programs in the state of Texas. These nurses rated their professional values using the Nurses Professional Values Scale (NPVS), as taken from the 1985 American Nurses Association Code of Nursing (Martin, 2003). Findings of this study concluded that â€Å"senior nursing students in ADN programs did not differ significantly from their counterparts in BSN programs† (Martin, 2003, p. 293). According to Marcia L Masters, role differentiation between ADNs and BSNs is not â€Å"clearly defined in terms of decision making responsibility† (1989, p. 391). In this same article, Masters quotes W. Weiss (1985), â€Å"Taking risks means different things to different people.† One person may look at a situation as a challenge for success, where another will look at it as a threat of failure. Through the course of this study, it was found that nurses had a higher risk taking propensity than the normal population, but there were no significant differences in risk taking propensity noted between the ADNs and BSNs studied. This includes both education and experience. â€Å"Although in practice, BSNs may be given more opportunities for decision making, this study indicated the willingness to take the risk in making decisions is fairly evenly distributed between ADNs and BSNs† (Masters, 1989, p. 394). Contrary to what these studies have shown, there is a distinct difference in the competencies of ADNs and BSNs. According to the National League of Nursing (NLN, 2011), a baccalaureate degree expands on the knowledge and capabilities acquired in an associate program. Where associate programs focus on the patient and their family, baccalaureate programs tend to focus more on community nursing and leadership. There is a broader context of nursing that is learned in a baccalaureate program. In the article â€Å"The Differences Between Associate Degree Nurses and the Baccalaureate Degree Nurses†, The author states â€Å"a nurse with a BSN has more opportunities to work in a variety of health care settings that offer an extensive array of op portunities for professional growth. Baccalaureate-prepared nurses can be bedside nurses, educators, case managers, discharge planners, administrators, and work in public health, home health, and community clinics† (Moore, 2009). She continues to explain how associate prepared nurses are focused more on the technical aspects of care, where Baccalaureate prepared nurses are focused more on â€Å"evidenced-based clinical practice and leadership† (Moore, 2009). Moore also agrees that in skill competency, there is not much difference between ADNs and BSNs, but that â€Å"BSN nurses show greater critical thinking skills, better problem solving, and the development of clinical judgment; three skills of increasing importance for the increase in acuity of patients in hospitals and other health care settings† (2009). As a new graduate ADN, the author of this paper has insufficient experience to identify a specific patient care situation in which approaches to decision making may differ between associate and baccalaureate prepared nurses. It comes to light from research, however, that a baccalaureate prepared nurse is more competent in thinking on the fly. As stated earlier, baccalaureate prepared nurses have improved clinical judgement and problem solving skills, which are crucial in an emergency or trauma situation, where the patients have a higher acuity level. It seems that as far as newly graduated nurses are concerned, there is not much of a difference in bedside skill competencies between ADNs and BSNs. A baccalaureate degree, however, better prepares the newly graduated nurse for critical thinking, problem solving and better judgment in emergency situations. A baccalaureate degree gives the nurse more opportunities for advancement and movement within the nursing field, and also prepares the BSN for graduate study. This is important especially when it comes to the nation’s hospitals movement toward Magnet Status. References 1. Martin, P., Yarbrough, S., Alfred, D. (2003). Professional Values Held by Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Third Quarter, 291-296. Retrieved January 19, 2013, from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=cmedmAN=14562499site=eds-livescope=site 2. Masters, M., Masters, R. (1989). Risk-Taking Propensity of Nurses: ADN and BSN. Journal of Nursing Education, 28(9), 391-396. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=1990100566site=eds-livescope=site 3. Moore, D. S., PhD., RN., CNM., MN., MPH. (n.d.). West Coast University: Deans Corner The Differences Between Associate Degree Nurses and the Baccalaureate Degree Nurses. West Coast University Nursing Programs Los Angeles, Orange County, Inland Empire. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from http://www.westcoastuniversity.net/deanscorner/print.php?article=22 4. Ridley, R. (2008). The Relationship Between Nurse Education Level and Patient Safety: An Integrative Review. Journal of Nursing Education, 47(4), 149-156. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=2009885996site=eds-livescope=site 5. Smith, J. (2002). Analysis of Differences in Entry-Level RN Practice by Educational Preparation. Journal of Nursing Education, 41(11), 491-494. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=2003013823site=eds-livescope=site

Essay --

The Hebrews the Children of Israel Biblical accounts do reflect the history of the Hebrew people. Prophecy taken from the Hebrew Bible, and other sources, confirm the existence and continue to validate the State of Israel, and the Jewish people. When one attempts to bring validation to the Hebrews, one also has to bring validation to the children of Israel’s God â€Å"Yahweh†. Before the time of King Saul, the steps of the Hebrew children can be traced. In today’s State of Israel, developments can be directly connected with Biblical accounts. According to the text â€Å"World History Seventh Edition, it states that â€Å"many scholars doubt that the Biblical accounts reflect the true history of the early Israelites. They argue that the early books of the Bible, written centuries after the events described, preserve only what the Israelites came to believe about themselves and that recent archaeological evidence often contradicts the details of the Biblical account†(p.36). According to research by New World Encyclopedia Isaac Newton, â€Å" who was inspired to invent the theory on the law of gravity, calculus, and the three laws of motion upon which all mechanics is based, is regarded as the father of the clockwork universe†. Newton also is regarded as the first and perhaps the greatest physicist. Isaac Newton was also a devout Christian, who had a passion for the study of God, and it appears that Biblical theology and prophecy were equally as important to Newton as his interests in science and physics. One of Newton’s quotes were â€Å"About the time of the end, a body of men will be raised up who will turn their attention to the prophecies and will insist on their literal interpretation in the midst of much clamor and opposition.† Based on his quote... ...s, floods, tidal waves, wars and rumors of wars. It is proven that weather patterns and climate change have increased in number of incidents and severity. There is also more accurate predicting of solar storms, an example taken from NOAA. according to Spaceweather.com â€Å"NOAA forecasters estimate a 55% chance of polar geomagnetic storms today, Nov. 30th, 2012 when a coronal mass ejection (CME) is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field.† This happened and Russia took the hit of the debris. In conclusion, I believe that the evidence reflected upon in this paper gives more credence to the history of the Hebrew people than the history books would like to reflect, and by doing research like the contents of this paper one may consider giving more thought to the intelligent designer of the Hebrew children, their history, and there God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Essay -- The Hebrews the Children of Israel Biblical accounts do reflect the history of the Hebrew people. Prophecy taken from the Hebrew Bible, and other sources, confirm the existence and continue to validate the State of Israel, and the Jewish people. When one attempts to bring validation to the Hebrews, one also has to bring validation to the children of Israel’s God â€Å"Yahweh†. Before the time of King Saul, the steps of the Hebrew children can be traced. In today’s State of Israel, developments can be directly connected with Biblical accounts. According to the text â€Å"World History Seventh Edition, it states that â€Å"many scholars doubt that the Biblical accounts reflect the true history of the early Israelites. They argue that the early books of the Bible, written centuries after the events described, preserve only what the Israelites came to believe about themselves and that recent archaeological evidence often contradicts the details of the Biblical account†(p.36). According to research by New World Encyclopedia Isaac Newton, â€Å" who was inspired to invent the theory on the law of gravity, calculus, and the three laws of motion upon which all mechanics is based, is regarded as the father of the clockwork universe†. Newton also is regarded as the first and perhaps the greatest physicist. Isaac Newton was also a devout Christian, who had a passion for the study of God, and it appears that Biblical theology and prophecy were equally as important to Newton as his interests in science and physics. One of Newton’s quotes were â€Å"About the time of the end, a body of men will be raised up who will turn their attention to the prophecies and will insist on their literal interpretation in the midst of much clamor and opposition.† Based on his quote... ...s, floods, tidal waves, wars and rumors of wars. It is proven that weather patterns and climate change have increased in number of incidents and severity. There is also more accurate predicting of solar storms, an example taken from NOAA. according to Spaceweather.com â€Å"NOAA forecasters estimate a 55% chance of polar geomagnetic storms today, Nov. 30th, 2012 when a coronal mass ejection (CME) is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field.† This happened and Russia took the hit of the debris. In conclusion, I believe that the evidence reflected upon in this paper gives more credence to the history of the Hebrew people than the history books would like to reflect, and by doing research like the contents of this paper one may consider giving more thought to the intelligent designer of the Hebrew children, their history, and there God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Health Promotion & Alcohol

The majority (31%) of deaths from alcoholic liver disease were among those geed 50-59 years. My rationale for picking the target group under ass's is because I want to try & prevent under ass's from the onset of dying of alcoholic liver disease because 40 upwards It may be too late to prevent people from alcohol abuse. Pittance et al 2006 states that Simply delaying onset of alcohol consumption from early to late adolescence is an important goal for preventing alcohol misuse and also for preventing long term alcohol related diseases.According to Alcohol concern a very scary thought is that In London, hospital admissions for liver disease caused by drinking among the under-thirties have risen y 112 per cent in the past decade, with doctors saying professional women in their twenties and thirties, who might only consider themselves ‘social' drinkers, have played a major part in this rise. Slide 2: Health† Health Is defined In the WHO constitution of 1948 as So then what Is health promoteHealth promotion, public health, health education and health improvements are widely, and often imprecisely, defined. Tangential (2009) argues that there are so many definitions that the term health promotion' has become meaningless. According to Green & Tones 2010, Health promotion is†¦ And More recently The WHO , 2014, has defined Health promotion as † the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental Interventions .I was surprised while doing my research on health promotion to discover how Benton (2008) pointed out that even in successful areas, such as tobacco control and raising issues related to health inequalities, health promotion has received no credit no acknowledgement. This is where us nurses of the future come Into play. It Is our Job to make promoting health an everyday occurrence using every opportunity we can wh en in contact with patients. Ã'›â€ ¦ People who drink excessively do not perceive themselves as being unhealthy.The Department of Health 201 3, supports this by saying 83% of people who regularly drink above the guidelines don't think their drinking is putting their long-term health at risk. The health Belief Model which was originally developed by Rosenstein In 1966 fits very well into this conception of behavior change requiring a state of readiness to susceptibility to a particular health condition. Slide 3: Factors influencing health: Health is shaped by many different factors & Effective health promotion influences the determinants of health.The ‘determinants' of health† are people's values, cultural, social, economic and environmental living conditions According to Davies, 2012, The influence of social norms on alcohol misuse include peer pressure, perceived expectation, gaining respect and cultural acceptance. Lifestyle: for students: no money so they binge d rink: Many adolescents engage in ‘binge drinking, defined by as a high intake of alcohol in a short pace of time.Finance: Although London is home to many higher income residents as is parts of chloroformed, it also has its share of of poverty and disadvantaged populations. A high income individual can drink coffee and smoke a pack of cigarettes Just as often as the individual with a low income. I think as nurses it is important to consider the reasons why and understand the contextual factors such as the environment, the societal structure and the capacity to make good health decisions Socio-Economic conditions such as: Housing: One major impact on the health and well-being of people is where and how they live.Not only is the physical and social environment important, but the home is also the setting within which care is increasingly provided by both family and community based health and social care. Poor housing can affect people's health. Employment: According to Marmot & Wi lkinson 2006, Work is the area where many of the important influences on health are played out. This includes both employment conditions and the nature of work itself. Culture:According to the Poverty statistics. Org. K, 2014 (Black and minority ethnic groups) are more likely to report ill health, and experience ill health earlier tawniest British people. Bio-psycho-social needs: Clear association between Mental health and drinking. Depression. According to the WHO , 2009, Inequities in relation to alcohol, Worldwide causes 1. 8 million deaths. Unintentional injuries alone account for about one third of the 1. 8 million deaths. We have become all too accustomed to much of the global burden of disease which is unavoidable & therefore unacceptable. It is inequitable.Same can be said for the unavoidable deaths as a result of alcohol abuse. According to the UPCHUCK 2007, The highest burden of alcohol-related disease in the world is in the region of he former Soviet Union and Central Asi a, where it amounts to 13% of the total disease burden Slide 4: Effects of Alcohol So what is alcohol†¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. According to Drug free world. Org Alcohol is a drug. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows down vital functions?resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, According to Davies, 2012, In large quantities, alcohol is neurotic.Sustained high consumption above the recommended safe intake can destroy brain cells. Excess alcohol can affect your brain and cause depression. Certain types of cancer such as mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophageal anger have also been linked to drinking too much alcohol. Drinking excessively may also increase your risk of bowel and breast cancer. Research has found that women who drink 2-5 units a day are 41% more likely to get breast cancer than those who don'.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Stomach ulcers are more common if you regularly drink more than the recommended daily amount.Heavy drinking is also associated with stomachache . Liver cirrhosis and fatty liver disease are directly linked to excessive drinking, as is liver cancer. Alcohol can cause pancreatic. This is when the pancreas becomes inflamed and doesn't work as it should. You also have a greater risk of high blood pressure which can lead to stroke. Heart problems like coronary heart disease and the heart beating irregularly (arrhythmia) are also linked to excessive drinking. Damage to your heart muscle (cardiopulmonary) can cause it to pump blood around your body less effectively. Diet: †¦.. Induce hunger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Educational Reforms Policy Education Essay

The Educational reforms policy has extremely valued the betterment in the instruction sector in Pakistan as stated by Education reforms Policy 2009. On the other manus national authoritiess and employers have argued that it is of import for all sectors of instruction to fix persons who are able to believe good and for themselves ( Pithers, Rebecca sodden 2010 ) . The states with most economic growing and development have rather a good educational substructure and as stated above, They work rather difficult on supplying quality instruction through available resources. Therefore we have a job of importance of incorporating critical thought with the current educational reforms. In this assignment I will foreground some of the instruction sector reforms along with the construct of critical thought. First portion constitute of state portfolio, followed by the work of authorities in the instruction sector and it as the instance survey which is subsequently on followed by an history of the policy of authorities and schemes it presented which shows the complete scenario subsequently on an history on critical thought and it ‘s usage has been elaborated while the decision highlights how it can be used to better the bing authorization of instruction reforms.1.2 Country portfolio:Pakistan became an autonomous state in 1947 when British India split into a Muslim province of Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India. The state is a federation of four states, each one with a parliamentary system, federally administered Tribal Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. The four states are Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah ( KPK ) and Balochistan. Pakistan is situated in South Asia, surrounding India to the East, Iran to the South West, China to the North East, and Afghanistan to the West and North. To the South is the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic. Since 1947 the state has experienced a assortment of democratic and military authoritiess. Pakistan has approximately 162 million dwellers ( 2005 estimation ) . Most, 97 % of the population is Muslim. The state is composed of several cultural groups of which Punjabi is the largest and rest include Pashtuns, Balochi and Sindhi while several smaller cultural groups. Punjabi is one of the most widely spoken linguistic communication along with Urdu as the official linguistic communication and English as the linguistic communication of disposal. The public is immature and fast turning with a mean age of 19.58 old ages and a public growing rate of 2.03 % . The state has an estimated literacy rate someplace between 48 % and 54 % depending on the beginnings and the definitions used ( 10 years+ or 15 years+ ) with large gender differences and differences between rural, tribal and urban countries. 32 % of the public lives below the poorness line. The chief employment is within agribusiness sector ( 42 % ) , while 38 % of the human resource work in services while 20 % in industry. The state has been hurt from long internal differences, a low degree of foreign investing in the private sector and wars with India. However, in recent yesteryear, helped by macroeconomic betterments and an addition in industrial production, Pakistan has practiced a positive ec onomic disposition, with an one-year growing in GDP of 6.1 % . The Fundamental law from 1973 ( article 33 ) needs development of an instruction policy to safeguard the saving, pattern and ascent of Islamic political orientation and rules as enshrined in the instructions of the Quran and the Holy Prophet. The National Education Policy ( 1998-2010 ) clearly states the aim of doing Islamic instruction the codification of life incorporated in all signifiers of instruction. The instance survey:1.3 Education Sector Reforms.The Government ‘s I-PRSP sets endeavoring marks for polishing instruction sector results and the Government has moved to set in topographic point programs to accomplish these marks. The Federal Minister of Education used an Education Sector Reform ( ESR ) plan in 2001 which seeks to offer national leading around the Education For All program every bit good as reference major sectorial issues. The ESR wants to turn to these achievements have been challenged in the past few months, and the Pakistan economic system has been adversely affected by the post-September 11th events. The Government is at work to remain the declared class of action and endure to turn to the organisational reform docket. Some of the critical letdowns of the yesteryear in the instruction sector by supplying resource mobilisation and use, and presenting institutional reforms at every degree of instruction to progress in administration. Goals are set for increasing literacy, gross primary registration, in-between school and secondary registration and higher instruction, by the twelvemonth 2004. The attack for traveling towards these aims include a assorted figure of constituents and investings at all degrees of instruction, including an ample sum of literacy programme, enlargement of primary and simple degree instruction, conveying up of a proficient watercourse at secondary school degree, polishing quality of instruction through instructor preparation which is one of chief procedure of educational reforms, higher instruction sector reforms which chiefly aims at instruction higher than class 12, and public private subdivision partnerships. In add-on, the ESR includes new open uping plans in scrutiny betterment, a countrywide instruction appraisal system illustration of which are the HEC and quality confidence programmes, picture text edition libraries, along with early childhood instruction known chiefly as baby's room and an â€Å" follow a school † plan. The Islamabad Capital Territory is being utilized to prove a figure of the assorted enterprises consisting the e nlisting of instructors on contract bases, implementing preparation exercisings for caput instructors and instruction centres to assist better instructors ‘ educational cognition, promotion of entry makings for instructors and presenting a instructor focused codification of moralss to work out chronic instructor absenteeism. In the context of devolution/decentralization, administration betterments constitutes sturdily in the ESR. Mechanisms are being established to reorganise school control and citizens community boards, provide assorted extra resources for instruction and rationalisation of supervisors to territory degrees. The said Citizen Boards and School Management Committees are given duty for some elements of monitoring and supervising of instructor public presentation which is a critical portion of this country. Self-acting monitoring plans will besides be set up to grade policy and pattern. The ESR puts a high precedence on consolidation of public private partnerships in the conveyance of instruction services. Encouragements to the private sector to set up schools, peculiarly in rural countries and urban slums would be rather utile in this respect which include proviso of free of cost or concessional land, non commercial services rates, generous grant of charters, and exclusion of certain types of dues and revenue enhancements. The Government has besides taken the chief function in reformation of the Nationwide Education Foundation supplying it with greater independency under the Societies Act. The Sindh Government ‘s â€Å" Adopt a School † plan has been rather positive in intriguing corporate and other financess to concern text editions, schools uniforms, and other commissariats every bit good as preservation of edifices, and is being replicated in diverse parts of the state. In add-on the Government plans to absorb private sector and NGO schools into the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) and the National Education Assessment agreement at national and provincial degrees. In tantamount with the federal authorities ‘s ESR creativeness, provincial authoritiess, wherever duty for instruction remainders, are besides get downing to set in topographic point steps that address some of the most cardinal jobs of the system, such as naming instructors to account through a re-certification procedure, associating wage with public presentation ( attending ) , assignment of new instructors on contract bases and specifically for school with assorted researching ways to run all available underutilized school edifices. Each state has begun to quite earnestly supervise teacher presence and subjective grounds of that has been provided in many countries. To spread out installations, a new start has been prepared on a large backlog of postponeded care and the plan of alot new militias has been rationalized. Education sections are holding duties of stock lists fresh schools and look intoing options for their use, inter alia through â€Å" undertaking out † bat tles.Theory used:The direction scientific discipline position of the popular organizational acquisition theory, specifically the ‘technical ‘ strand, has been used and applied to this peculiar survey ( Addleson, 1996 ; Easterby-Smith 1997 ) . It foresees that the university administration is infact a system that aligns its purposes to particular action programs to gain awaited results ( Agyris & A ; Schon, 1978 ) . As the university replies to alterations in its ambiance, it is possible that it will besides redefine its purposes or at least alter its action programs in order to obtain satisfactory results as it often adapts to its unstable ambiance. The state of affairs in which the university maps has been considered by worsening and intermittent authorities support, increasing societal authorization for higher instruction, increasing independency and answerability as required by the appraisal and quality bureaus. The reaction of the university can be a new or a counter active action program could be started by a feedback cringle when the anticipated results have non been attained. In the same manner, the responses of the university administration can be so prevailing that they move the said purposes or programs ( bing norms or values ) that will besides do new action programs to obtain satisfactory consequences. Curative programs or incremental fluctuations are the most common in university organisations ( Boyce, 2003 ) although considerable alterations in the usual norms have besides been reported ( for illustration Clark, 1998 ) . This theoretical statements have been applied as an interpretative model within which the responses of the university to public sector reforms have been evaluated. Similarly, as it is thought of, critical thought involves aptitudes in add-on to certain temperaments. They are brought to bear in placing a trouble and its associated conventions ; clear uping and concentrating the job itself ; and analyzing, understanding and doing usage of deductions, inductive and deductive logic, every bit good as judging the legitimacy and dependableness of the premises, beginnings of informations or information which is available ( e.g. Kennedy, Fisher and Ennis, 1991 ) .3. The educational reforms instance:The chief aim of authorities policy in the past few old ages has been to better the degree and quality of schooling in Pakistan. The authorities vision is to spread out primary instruction and this step can be used to measure whether authorities schools have augmented their coverage, by increasing registrations quicker than the growing in public, particularly at the lower degree because that degree forms the nucleus of the knowing population. Literacy and primary school registration rates in Pakistan have displayed development during last five old ages but they are still hanging behind other states of the part. Deficit of resources and deficient proviso of comfortss and preparation are the primary troubles in instructing and spread outing instruction. The present authorities ‘s program for the sector includes implementing the operation and usage of bing schools, developing the quality of instruction, spread outing registration, polishing entree to instruction and increasing the primary instruction system. Under the 18th constitutional amendment during the reign of General Pervez Musharraf ordinance and direction of the instruction sector has been devolved to the states. They are now held responsible for the assorted cardinal countries of the instruction sector i.e. course of study and course of study, centres of excellence, standardisation of instruction up to intercede degree ( Grade 12 ) and it besides includes the Islamic instruction. Planning and policy and standardisation of instruction beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List which is an of import factor in relationship to the reforms in this country. All the states have emphasized their committedness to the National Education Policy 2009.3.1 National Educational Policy 2009The National Educational Policy ( NEP ) 2009 is an accomplishment which aims to turn to a figure of assorted aims including: oˆ? quality and measure of instruction in schools and college instruction oˆ? cosmopolitan primary instruction which is a portion of UN docket oˆ? improved Early Children Education ( ECE ) known as baby's rooms oˆ? improved installations in primary schools both in rural and urban countries oˆ? change overing primary schools to simple schools oˆ? detaching categories XI-XII from college instruction oˆ? following a comprehensive definition of ‘free ‘ instruction which will supply instruction to every citizen oˆ? accomplishing regional and gender para particularly at simple degree in order to continue gender equality oˆ? provide demand based accomplishments and increase in the portion of resources for instruction in both public and private countries The policy besides defines the motivations of authorities at the federal every bit good as the provincial degree in the country of instruction. The National instruction scheme is being applied through a figure of different strategies and one of the of import strategy in this respect is the Quality Assurance Programme.3.2 Quality Assurance ProgrammeHarmonizing to information from HEC ‘s web site, the mission of the Quality Assurance Programme is to present an integrated quality and confidence direction service for higher acquisition where ends of the strategy are: aˆ? To analyze the spreads in the background of quality of higher instruction in Pakistan aˆ? To run into the tests of planetary adaptibility in higher instruction aˆ? To better the criterions of higher acquisition in cross-cutting countries and assorted degrees aˆ? To develop a executable and maintainable mechanism of quality confidence in the higher instruction sector of the state An adviser of Quality Assurance in HEC is in charge for induction of the Quality Assurance Programme. Under the Quality Assurance Programme, a Quality Assurance Committee was established in 2003. The commission is made of Vice Chancellors from assorted universities with the aim of holding representation from smaller and medium universities and universities for adult females and to better geographical equality. The Team has an extended end to guarantee the appraisal, betterment and publicity of higher instruction. The Committee articulates policies, steering rules and significances for higher instruction establishments, organize programs for the development of the establishments ( in cooperation with the establishments ) and sets up national or regional appraisal councils to transport out enfranchisement of establishments. One of the first undertakings of the commission was to decide on the Ranking of Universities. The ground for this judgement was to: â€Å" advance positive competition and Foster betterment in criterions of higher instruction programmes † ; â€Å" Harmonizing to the Powers and Functions of the Commission as stated in â€Å" Ordinance No. LIII of 2002, Para 10, Clause vitamin E † the Higher Education Commission may put up national or regional rating councils or authorise any bing council or similar organic structure to transport out accreditation of Institutions including their sections, installations and subjects by giving them appropriate evaluations. The Commission shall assist construct capacity of bing councils or organic structures in order to heighten the dependability of the rating carried out by them. † Accreditation councils in Pakistan have been established for calculating and technology, while councils for accreditation are besides planned for agribusiness, concern and instruction. National Computing Education Accreditation Council ( NCEAC ) NCEAC is another organic structure that is bettering the quality of instruction pupils receive in topics in applied scientific disciplines, calculating, technology and engineering instruction in the universities and assorted related establishments of higher instruction in Pakistan. The aims of the said councils are to vouch quality in calculating degree plans in educational establishments by guaranting that programmes run into certain distinguishable criterions or standards. It shall be obligatory for all relevant academic programmes delivered by public and private sector organisations to be accredited by NCEAC. It is besides an aim to guarantee transparence of tantamount survey programmes.4. Critical thought:Evaluation is considered as a nucleus ability. Attitudes or temperaments such as a ‘spirit of enquiry ‘ are besides seen by some writers in the field as really of import ( e.g. Ennis, 1993 ; Perkins, Jay and Tishman, 1993 ) . For illustration, Ennis ‘s position of critical thought involves wide temperaments, movable over different spheres such as being ‘open-minded ‘ , ‘drawing indefensible guesss carefully ‘ and ‘considering the credibleness of grounds ‘ . These capablenesss and temperaments occur with in a planetary mentality in which thought is abstracted as a type of reasoned statement with an explicitly societal dimension ( Kuhn, 1991 ) . Kember ( 1997 ) , after analyzing the available published research grounds, it is suggested that learning attacks in third instruction may be influenced by interaction of factors. For illustration, one factor, course of study made, was seen to act upon university and college lectors to be more subjective in nature when learning instead than on the development of critical thought. This may be due to the fact that content is normally specified far more to the full than perchance generalizable the abilities. It seems excessively that instructors are presented small aid in lighting what is encompassed in the impression of ‘good ‘ thought. Thus they are non clear on what it is they are supposed to be assisting pupils to come on. Not amazingly, deficiency of lucidity about the ability of critical thought leads to misperception about how good thought might be measured ; appraisal and rating of critical thought has been greatly neglected worldwide ( e.g. Kennedy et al. , 1991 ) . Continuing confusion about these jobs seems sometimes to take to education attacks to problem-solving which are dubious to develop more widely movable generalizable critical thought aptitudes and mentalities. Research in the UK farther instruction sector, where the growing of work related thought has been highlighted since the late eightiess, provides illustrations of instruction which is changing with this purpose. Teaching activities probably to develop critical thought were known to be rare in Social Care courses. This was a surprise, provided that the classs in this zone were an induction into a profession which values critical scrutiny ( Anderson et al. , 1997 ) . Bloomer ( 1998 ) reported a similar tendency based upon his research of a scope of assorted programmes taking to the General National Vocational Qualifications ( GNVQ ) . In these classs pupils engaged in much activity, although it seldom included critical scrutiny. However, there appears to be a deficit of published research which examines the advancement of critical thought during degree-level classs. In a survey of critical thought affecting 256 Scots and Australian university pupils analyzing instruction, an enterprise was made to size critical thought utilizing the Smith-Whetton Critical Reasoning Test ( CRT ) , a moderately valid and dependable standardised psychological trial with assortments available for both states viz. UK and Australia ( Pithers and Soden, 1999 ) . Average CRT sums were equated for class campaigners with grades and those who had no grade, every bit good as for stage ( twelvemonth ) of class. Overall, it was found that there were no notable between-group CRT differences for alumnus V non-graduate students or for phase or stage of the class. In fact, alumnus appliers had CRT tonss non significantly greater than nongraduates nor did last phase ( Years 2 and 3 ) pupils, on a average mark, achieved significantly better tha n Stage 1 pupils. As a whole, these consequences propose that the kind of critical thought restrained by the CRT, based on Ennis ‘s ( 1993 ) construct which is drawn shortly, was non being good developed in the third instruction class examined in both states. Nor did the critical thought abilities and temperaments measured by the CRT appear to hold been developed significantly by the pupils during their old survey at degree degree. Furthermore, CRT mean tonss for these pupils were non signi. cantly higher than the normative sample agencies provided in the CRT Manual ( Smith and Whetton, 1992 ) for schoolleavers who had taken scrutinies measure uping them for university entry ( e.g. in the UK, A-levels ; in Australia, HSC-level ) . In a subsequent paper ( in readying ) the writers report cases of critical thought in a sample ( n = 40 ) of essays for a similar grade class whose programme aims included the development of abilities encompassed by the term critical thought ; these abilities were described explicitly in class forms issued to lectors and pupils. Cases of critical thought were rare and there was a high frequence of averments without justification. Lectors, coachs and pupils seemed non to portion an apprehension of what it means to believe critically. These findings, possibly, should non be viewed as surprising, given the published literature over a comparatively long period about the patterns which inhibit critical thought ( e.g. Raths et al. , 1966 ; Sternberg, 1987 ) . Evidence that pupils enter higher instruction with developing ability to believe critically is another statement for happening effectual steps to advance this ability. Kuhn ( 1991 ) supposed that thought as statement was variably implicated in the beliefs people hold, the opinions they make and the decisions they arrive at ; it was at the bosom of mundane thought. Among Kuhn ‘s ‘skills of statement ‘ are the ability to suggest sentiments alternative to one ‘s ain and to cognize what grounds would back up these, to supply grounds that at the same time supports one ‘s ain sentiments while refuting the options and to weigh the equity of one ‘s ain cogent evidence and that of others. Kuhn provided cogent evidence that none of these aptitudes is widespread in the grownup population in the USA, even among those wh o have had a college instruction. In a UK engagement, Anderson et Al. ( 1997 ) confirmed that pupils ‘ thought, as conceptualized in Kuhn ‘s theoretical account, could be meaningfully improved ( over that of a control group ) in the normal course of study by infixing steps flinging the chief subjects in the literature reviewed in this paper. The better measure and quality of accounts the pupils incorporated into their study lettering by the 4th month of the invasion were still evident at the terminal of the academic twelvemonth. Many authors have highlighted that thought and content are closely related. These staffs imply that larning to believe involves larning to utilize content in in turn more sophisticated ways in understanding the universe. Barnet ( 1994, p. 153 ) suggested that an educational purpose should be the growing of wisdom, corporate exchange, and a acknowledgment even a review of interior appraisals ‘ . Bonnett ( 1995 ) claimed that any appraisal of ‘good thought ‘ which fails to afirm the dependability of content is likely to be lacking. Indeed there is sound matter-of-fact grounds that good cognition and good thought are Inseparably tied up ( Bereiter and Scardamalia, 1993 ; Chi, Glaser and Farr, 1988 ) . It appears critical therefore that critical thought is teached in the class of learning subject cognition and implemented through the available agencies at manus. Combination of these thoughts with the descriptions of critical thought already outlined, it appears that one direct and effectual step lectors and instructors could put in in their instruction is to set far more accent on the specific signifiers of concluding within their ain subject country and to supply illustrations of how these signifiers of thought can be applied both within and outside of that subject. Another of import strand in the discourse on ‘good thought ‘ which helps to mix the thoughts antecedently outlined is the impression of self-regulation of thought ( e.g. Schunk and Zimmerman, 1994 ) . The guess is that this metacognitive ability, for illustration, affecting perceptual experience, review, opinion and determination devising, are all factors which allows people to orchestrate and self-regulate their ain acquisition strategies and those capablenesss are included in the term ‘critical thought ‘ . It is critical to add them in the instruction reforms as stated by the groundss shown above where we see a deficiency of any existent important factor that indicates a motion towards foregrounding the accomplishment of term critical thought in the instruction reforms mandate.5. Decision:On the bases of the thoughts originating from the current reforms performed by the authorities in bettering the quality of instruction every bit good as the surveies of doing pupils more of a critical mind, the demands of the twenty-four hours are non merely to spread out the current instruction substructure but to do pupils a more critical minds so that better Human resource is available at every degree of the authorities and private sector. ( Pithers, Rebecca 2010 ) It will be really hard for a state that has so many jobs including the first and foremost of security issue since the government alteration in Afghanistan. The primary issues included in this respect are: unrest in the Baluchistan state and tribal countries, a batch of resources traveling waste on protection of atomic assets of the state along with a menace of confrontation with the adjacent India. At the minute the instruction reform looks to be concealing behind these issues of security, poorness and wellness. It is rather likely to stay like that unless a strong committedness from a sure authorities is shown. I suggest that the undermentioned docket should be entered into the instruction policy and implemented through the Quality confidences plans in order to develop critical thought in the pupils and better instruction in Pakistan. Research grounds suggests that larning to believe good needs to be acknowledged explicitly as an purpose and appropriate alterations made to classs. Lonka and Ahola ( 1995 ) interpreted their consequences as proposing that there are two qualitatively different ways of come oning in psychological science surveies: high-quality active acquisition, which may be decelerate in the beginning, but provides qualitatively better consequences in the long tally, and extremely structured lecture/tutorial instruction, which is related to success in early stages of analyzing. There would look to be benefits in passing the full grade course of study, so that the sum of freshman subject specific information could be reduced to let the pupils clip to prosecute in activities which are likely to develop their rational abilities. The inquiry of how much subject cognition is good for pupils demands to be revisited. Research suggests excessively at all educational degrees that staff development enterprises may necessitate to concentrate more on instructors ‘ constructs of instruction and learning if they are to set up the instruction methods suggested in a generative manner. In fact some empirical research specifies rather strong relationships between instructors ‘ constructs and instruction attacks ( Kember, 1997 ) .Teachers or lectors who are merely wining the guidelines in plan paperss do non look to learn rational well. Kember suggests that constructs of instruction can be summarized in footings of two wide alliances labeled teacher-centred/contentoriented and student-centred/learning-oriented.The teacher-centred orientation comprises beginnings that instruction is about leaving information or conveyance planned cognition, whereas the student-centred orientation includes beliefs that instruction is about easing apprehensions, advancing theoretical alteration and rational developm ent. It will be about clip that Pakistan ‘s instruction reform policy put a serious idea of presenting it into the current instruction scenario.

Tips sobre huellas digitales para asuntos migratorios

Tips sobre huellas digitales para asuntos migratorios En Estados Unidos, las autoridades migratorias utilizan las huellas digitales como medio para identificar a las personas y verificar su historial migratorio  y delictivo, en el caso de tenerlo. Segà ºn el resultado obtenido de la toma de las huellas digitales - conocidas como dactilares en algunos paà ­ses- , las autoridades pueden aprobar o denegar beneficios como visas, tarjetas de residencia permanente, asilo, adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n, etc. Adems, tambià ©n pueden impedir el ingreso a los Estados Unidos de cualquier persona extranjera o proceder a su deportacià ³n, si ya estuviera en el paà ­s. En este artà ­culo se explica por quà © se utilizan las huellas digitales, cundo y dà ³nde se toman,  quà © tipo de informacià ³n se obtiene, y sus consecuencias migratorias. Por qu se utilizan las huellas digitales para identificar a las personas? No solo las autoridades de Estados Unidos utilizan las huellas digitales como herramienta de identificacià ³n de individuos, sino prcticamente todos los gobiernos del mundo. La razà ³n es que no existen dos personas con las mismas huellas, ni siquiera los gemelos idà ©nticos, aunque sà ­ tengan el mismo ADN. Se estima que entre un uno y un dos por ciento de las personas a las que se toma las huellas dactilares con escneres digitales - el medio empleado por las autoridades de EE.UU.- tienen problemas para que se lean correctamente.   En estos casos se emplean para su identificacià ³n otros recursos biomà ©tricos, como fotos. Adems, en algunos casos se puede pedir un examen de ADN. Esto à ºltimo es comà ºn en ciertas categorà ­as de solicitud de papeles para la tarjeta de residencia por familia. Para qu trmites migratorios se toman las huellas dactilares en Estados Unidos? La toma de huellas digitales es muy comà ºn para toda clase de trmites migratorios. Por ejemplo, trmites de visas no inmigrante, tipo turista, estudiante, intercambio, inversià ³n, etc. Tambià ©n son necesarias cuando se est gestionando una visa de inmigrante para obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente. Asimismo, se toman las huellas como parte necesaria las solicitudes de ajuste de estatus, asilo, proteccià ³n para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica VAWA, visas humanitarias como la T por trfico humano o la U por violencia, DACA para jà ³venes indocumentados que llegaron a EE.UU. siendo nià ±os y adquisicià ³n de la  ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. En cumplimiento del programa US-Visit, tambià ©n se toman las huellas en todos los puertos de entrada a Estados Unidos - puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras terrestres- . Estn excluidos de esta obligacià ³n los ciudadanos americanos, diplomticos extranjeros con visas de la familia A o G, residentes permanentes en un viaje de crucero que salieron de EE.UU. y regresan al paà ­s por el mismo puerto. Tampoco estn obligados a dar las huellas digitales ciudadanos canadienses y mexicanos en ciertas categorà ­as migratorias. Por ejemplo, estn excluidos los mexicanos residentes en la frontera que cuentan con una visa vigente de cruce, tambià ©n conocida como lser. Finalmente, tambià ©n se toman las huellas a los migrantes agarrados por la Patrulla Fronteriza cruzando ilegalmente la frontera y a todas las personas, estadounidenses o no, que son arrestadas o detenidas en cualquier parte del paà ­s por autoridades federales, estatales o locales. Como regla general que admite excepciones, no se toma las huellas digitales a personas mayores de 79 aà ±os y a menores de 14 aà ±os de edad. Dnde se toman las huellas digitales? En Estados Unidos, el lugar para el trmite de las huellas digitales depende de la razà ³n por la que se toman. Asà ­, en el caso de puestos de control migratorio la gestià ³n es realizada en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras terrestres por la CBP, tambià ©n conocida como Patrulla Fronteriza. Tambià ©n son los encargados de tomarlas en el caso de migrantes indocumentados agarrados cruzando ilegalmente la  frontera.   En los casos de trmites migratorios como ajuste de estatus, asilo, naturalizacià ³n, etc., es necesario acudir en la fecha y hora asignada por la carta que envà ­a el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) al Application Support Center (ASC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) ms cercano y cuya direccià ³n est consignada en la carta en la que se notifica la cita. Si la persona que debe acudir al ASC se olvida de la cita o se equivoca, se recomienda presentarse tan pronto sea posible y explicar quà © pasà ³. Como regla general, si ha pasado menos de una semana desde la fecha de la cita no pasa nada y se toman en ese momento las huellas. Si ha pasado ms tiempo, debe contactar con USCIS llamando al 1-800-375-5283 para programar  una nueva cita. Si no se hace, USCIS entender que se ha desistido del trmite y cancelar el expediente. Por à ºltimo, en caso de arresto o detencià ³n, la autoridad realiza la toma las huellas y las comparte con el FBI quien, a su vez, las comparte con Inmigracià ³n. Si las autoridades migratorias consideran que la persona detenida es de su interà ©s, pueden emitir un hold para proceder a tomar custodia de dicha persona. Fuera de Estados Unidos se siguen dos sistemas. En algunos paà ­ses, como por ejemplo Mà ©xico, Argentina o Repà ºblica Dominicana, antes de ir a la embajada o consulado para la entrevista para la visa de no inmigrante o de inmigrante se debe acudir para los trmites de los datos biomà ©tricos a un ASC - conocido en algunos paà ­ses como Centro de Atencià ³n de Visa o VAC- . Sin embargo, en otros paà ­ses la entrevista y la toma de huellas digitales tienen lugar el mismo dà ­a en las instalaciones de la embajada o consulado. Qu sucede una vez que las autoridades migratorias tienen las huellas digitales? Las huellas digitales se verifican contra  una enorme base de datos del FBI que contiene, literalmente, cientos de millones de huellas. Adems,  la CBP tiene tambià ©n a su disposicià ³n el sistema TECS que contiene, entre otros, informacià ³n migratoria, posible historial criminal, rà ©cords de vehà ­culos  e informacià ³n consular a travà ©s del acceso a la base de datos CCD, del Departamento de Estado. USCIS puede acceder a la informacià ³n que contienen esas bases de datos y asà ­ tener a mano informacià ³n completa sobre una persona, incluyendo todos los nombres que ha utilizado, fecha de nacimiento, rà ©cord criminal, nà ºmero del Seguro Social, direcciones en las que ha vivido, direcciones de correo electrà ³nico, certificados de naturalizacià ³n, nà ºmero de alien, nà ºmero de visa, SEVIS (en el caso de estudiante o de extranjero en programa de intercambio), etc. La informacià ³n que se obtiene a partir de las huellas digitales sirve, a efectos migratorios, para los tres siguientes fines: En primer lugar, para determinar la identidad de una persona y detectar si ha utilizado ilegalmente otros nombres o documentos que no son suyos o falsificados. Se han detectado ms de 800 mil casos de este tipo de anomalà ­a. En segundo lugar, para determinar posibles violaciones migratorias. Por ejemplo, si se le toman las huellas a una persona extranjera presente en Estados Unidos, debe aparecer una coincidencia en alguna base de datos del Departamento de Estado o del Departamento de Seguridad Interna. Si no es asà ­, eso indica que ingresà ³ al paà ­s ilegalmente. Hay que resaltar que es una violacià ³n migratoria grave asegurar en un formulario de migracià ³n que nunca se ha sido detenido o arrestado cuando la verdad es que sà ­ y ese dato es fcilmente verificable con las huellas digitales. Esto aplica incluso a los expedientes que han sido sellados o expurgados. Las personas en estos casos delicados deben asesorarse con un buen abogado migratorio para evitar que su caso se eche abajo por representacià ³n falsa. Tambià ©n se detectan otras violaciones migratorias, como no haber salido de Estados Unidos dentro del plazo autorizado en un viaje previo. En tercer lugar, las huellas digitales sirven para  determinar si se ha cometido algà ºn delito o falta que   convierta a una persona en susceptible a ser deportada o que no se le apruebe una peticià ³n migratoria como, por ejemplo, un ajuste de estatus, una visa, la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana, etc., por ser considerado como inadmisible. Qu hacer cuando se sospecha que puede haber problemas migratorios por culpa de las huellas? Lo fundamental es estar informado de cules son las causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible para ingresar a Estados Unidos o arreglar los papeles, una vez dentro del paà ­s. Dependiendo del caso puede ser muy recomendable obtener el rà ©cord migratorio antes de comenzar cualquier gestià ³n de este tipo.   Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta lo delicado de este tipo de situaciones, es altamente recomendable asesorarse con un abogado de Inmigracià ³n de buena reputacià ³n o con una organizacià ³n de apoyo a migrantes. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

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