The Role of the Father in the Family - 1755 Words

HIST 3203 Research Paper: The Role of The Father in The Family Tuesday, December 7, 2010 People probably have different views and definitions of what constitutes a family. What an individual might consider part of his family might be different to someone else. A family can consist of individuals who have some connectivity whether by science in which genetics are at play, or by giving an individual, animal, or object attributes that will make them part of your family. It is difficult to have a concrete definition of what actually makes a family but it is clear that throughout time many aspects of the family have remained the same. As society becomes more advanced and open the vision of the family has†¦show more content†¦The most drastic change in the family occurred during The American Revolution. The patriarchal system that was brought to the colonies from England was vanishing, as people from the colonies thought that England was taking advantage of them. Just like in the colonies where young people did not need of their parent’s inheritance to b e successful or happy, people in the colonies were taking the same approach towards England. According to Lorett Treese â€Å"a parent’s power over their children is limited and temporary and that young adults have the right for independence as soon they achieve maturity and or if their parents abuse their power†. In other words just like a child the colonists had the right to be independent, as England was abusing it’s power by placing restrictions on colonial manufactures and taxes on colonial commerce. Through the American Revolution people were shifting ideas, values, and behavior and rejecting patriarchal rule. The majority of people that supported the independence were young kids and teenagers that were very passionate about becoming independent from England. The next change in the family that affected the role of the father occurred during the Industrial Revolution. A new idea of individualism was emerging and people started to think, behave and act differently than their parents and grandparents. During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s family wasShow MoreRelatedChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pageswith fathers at home tend to do better in school, are less prone to depression and are more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother families, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether the father is presentRead MoreThe Era for Stay-at-home Dads Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthe gender role stereo type within the family has been the same: the father is a deserved pillar of family, and he has responsibility to be a breadwinner by going out to work to make money rather than staying at home as a homemaker. However, over the past few decades, the conventional gender role stereotypes of family has been largely changed to the point that an increasing number of men choose to be stay-at-home dads instead of being bread-earners. The at-home dad trend is that the father both takesRead MoreThe Absentee Father846 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, it is common for family units to be missing a member that was once the backbone of American families. This member was the person who financially supported and provided for the remainder of the family, while also upholding the moral and religious values that the family would abide by. This absent figure is most commonly known as the father. Statistics show that â€Å"an estimated 24.7 million children (33%) live absent their biolo gical father† (The Consequences of Fatherlessness)Read MoreE. B. WhitesSuperman And Me, And Once More To The Lake1068 Words   |  5 Pagesparents as a role model in their life. In addition to having a role model one needs a family too. Kids look up to their parents and learn the ways of life from them. Additionally, their parents are there to teach them how to succeed in life and how to grow into nice young men/ women. In the two essays â€Å"Superman and Me† by Sherman Alexie portrays what it’s like to not have a parent as a role model ,and â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B. White states what having a that perfect parental role model andRead MoreManaging Family Relationships : Managing And Take Patience, Care, And Time1645 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Family Relationships in a Negotiation Relationships are hard to manage and take patience, care, and time. They become especially complicated with they involve immediately family that you either are in business with and or work for. Negotiations between non-family members and family members are different as family relationships have very distinct relationships because they have strong emotional ties and lifelong feelings (Lewicki, Barry, Saunders, 2011). With any negotiations one mustRead MoreTokyo Sonata1223 Words   |  5 Pages Japanese family is facing many challenges. Some of them are fail to adapt the changing environment. Tokyo Sonata portrays some problems in contemporary Japanese dysfunctional families such as communication problems. In this article, we are going to illustrate them one by one. Portrait of Japanese family To illustrate the dysfunctional families portrayed in Tokyo Sonata, we have to understand the traditional Japanese and how does it work functionally. Traditional Japanese family is a patriarchalRead MoreFather s Role As A Child s Development1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe literature review examines the father s role as being very important to a child s development and brings out positive benefits when they’re actively involved. A father who is involved ensures a sufficient amount of cognitive ability, supports the child s educational achievements and awareness of overall health and social behavior. Fathers are more than just the second adult in the home. When involved fathers, biological or not, they bring positive benefits to a child that no other person isRead More Television and Media - Categorization of TV Sitcom Fathers Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesCategorization of Sitcom Fathers For this essay I consulted EPGuides.com[1] and The Internet Movie Database[2], which also includes minimal facts of television shows and casts. Throughout the course of television history there have evolved several types and variations of fathers: the Simulacrum; the Single-parent; the Substitute; the Homer Simpson; the Apathetic. Though their characteristics coincide with American values, the Simulacrum Father does not merely represent ideals but America’sRead MoreThe Responsibilities of Fatherhood Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pageswho are not fathers from those who are fathers. Again, very little information concerning fatherhood and what fathers want is available to people. Written literature on fatherhood and written accounts about fatherhood from men who are fathers are also relatively rare. There is certainty that the environment around fatherhood has increasingly changed when it comes to domestic domain, employment and breadwinning, the structure of the family and employment (FNF 2011). The quality of families, mainly betweenRead MoreModern Family : Do Not Push And Marco Polo1455 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern Family TV shows have been a very popular comedy series, which introduced a show that sounds like an attempt to portray a more â€Å"Modern† contemporary view of American families. In both shows I watched: â€Å"Do Not Push† and â€Å"Marco Polo†. Modern Family deals with the traditional family as portrayed by the Dunphys with a mom, dad and three children; a homosexual family with one adopted daughter, the Printhett-Tuckers and a mixed marriage family with one child, the Pritchetts, an older

Physical Punishment Essay - 482 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gallegos,et all 1 Physical Punishment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Physical punishment has been a problem in hitting their children so they can have discipline or not hitting them because it is not right, so what can parents do and what can they not do? Should the parents hit them to learn discipline, or should they not hit them and figure out another way to make them learn what discipline is? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Because many parents do not know or are confused in showing their children how†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are other alternatives to punishing the children for their bad behavior. Less severe punishments besides spanking. First, they can take away their television privileges, computer use, and playing outside with their friends. Next, they could ground Gallegos, 2 them for the weekend and cancel plans. Last of all parents could take the time to sit and talk to their children about their bad behavior. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Physical punishment may cause a child psychological problems. First, if the physical punishment starts at an early age the child will be used to being physically punished, therefore, his or hers self-esteem may severely negative as he or she grows up. Second, it is a life-affecting act to physically punish a child because they will be traumatized. Eventually parents should think twice before they can physically punish their children. What they should think of is what problems they are causing the child in its life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In conclusion every parent must take consideration that the negative affects that spanking may cause a child. Spanking your children may make massive changes in your child’s personality. He or she may grow up to believe that violence is acceptable in everyday life. And thus this will be a never-ending cycle because they will think it is okay because their parents did it. If a child grows up to believe this negative behavior, theyShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment or Physical Chastisement963 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment or known as the physical chastisement of someone who has disobeyed or gone against their right to do something. At one extreme it may include the death penalty, but the term corporal punishment usually refers to punishments such as branding, flogging, and flagellation. Many things come to mind when thinking of the term corporal punishment but the first is slavery. What role did corporal punishment play in slavery? How did i t affect the daily lives of the slaves? Corporal punishmentRead MoreParents and Physical Punishment1052 Words   |  5 PagesAs children grow up, they’re more than likely exposed to being disciplined in one way or another. â€Å"Surveys of parents show that 90 percent have used some form of physical punishment on their children† (Graziano 1). So therefore, we can all agree that when it comes down to being punished, parents more often than not resort to spanking their child(ren). That being said, many parents will readily agree that spanking a child should not be considered a form of child abuse. However, the question stillRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Form Of Physical Punishment1363 Words   |  6 Pages Corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that inflicts pain on kids for their negative actions such as spanking. This topic is controversial because some people feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue using these methods and ot hers feel very strongly that they should not be allowed to. I feel as if this method of punishment is inhumane and should not continue to be used. The modernization of psychology has proved that hitting children will not help them learn thatRead MorePhysical Punishment and the Effects2297 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Brianna Ascencio ENGWR 300 T/Th 7:30 Dr. Muà ±oz November 19, 2013 Research Paper Physical Punishment and the Effects A fearful child walks slowly, but carefully to his house from school. Walking home feels faster than usual and before he knows it, he walks into the front door as quietly as possible. He gets a sort of relief when he finds out he is home alone. Seconds later, he gets that turned feeling in his stomach again. He knows he awaits for the worst. What he has done wasn’t so badRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Punishment On Children928 Words   |  4 Pageschildren are punished because adults want to teach them something. The whole purpose of punishment, in the case of children, is intended to change their behavior. Adults generally think that they should do whatever it takes to get children to behave in an acceptable way. In order to get the children to behave thus, adults often punish them physically—that is, through causing pain. It is my opinion that physical punishment of children is an overreaction and can never be justified. Read More Physical Pu nishment vs. Communication Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Punishment vs. Communication Works Cited Missing Many parents say physical punishment works on improving behavior or teaching a child a lesson. These parents think this is the only way to discipline a child. So as years pass more parents tend to use this strategy to discipline their own children. According to the Health Update, â€Å"one of four 10-16 year olds or 6.2 million children is a victim of assault or abuse every year† also â€Å"one-third of the children surveyed said that they wereRead MoreAvoiding Physical Punishment In Child Rearing Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesAvoiding Physical Punishment In Child Rearing Is sparing the rod spoiling or saving the child? Is violence, resentment, anger or fear worth the risk taken when striking him or her. Whether your for or against using physical punishment in child development, as a parent, you will someday have to face this issue. Many parents are taught this method in their childhood, and are not aware of any other way. Often originating from religion, physical or corporal punishment is seen as an importantRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is Defined As The Utilization Of Physical Force1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the utilization of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, yet not harm, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior. Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China andRead MorePhysical Punishment Has Been Around For Decades. However,1822 Words   |  8 PagesPhysical punishment has been around for decades. However, many falsely believe that the use of this parenting style has slowly faded away. Unfortunately, it has become more common and ranges from minor to severe depending on the parent. This method of correction has been passed down through generations and the history of it is a major contribution to the problem. Just because it happens does not mean it is acceptable. The desired results are rarely achieved and the children are negatively impactedRead MoreThe Effects Of Race And Childhood Corporal Punishment On Physical Aggression Towards Future Generations Of Children1205 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of race and childhood corporal punishment on physical aggression towards future generations of children Mallika Sharma New York University There has been a significant amount of research on the impact of corporal punishment on children, and its effect on their behavior going into adolescence. Several studies have shown that experiencing physical discipline during childhood leads to higher acts of aggression towards others, that physical punishment leads to externalizing these aggressive

Sample Speech Free Essays

â€Å"Celebrity Culture has gone too far† Write a speech in which you attempt to persuade an audience that today’s obsession with the lives of the rich and famous has gone too far. Why are we so fascinated by the people who make no impact what-so-ever on our lives? Why do we go mad when some rich and famous person makes headlines in the newspapers and magazines for getting drunk at parties or for breaking up with their new boyfriend or girlfriend? Why do we consider these events as a big deal and try to follow up on all the news about it? Aren’t these so-called celebrities normal ordinary people just like each one of us? However, it is right to say that all of us idolize them, follow their every move, and treat them as modern gods. I can honestly say that there is no one sitting in front of me, who never had an obsession with a celebrity before in their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Good Afternoon ladies and gentleman, teachers and my fellow students; my name is Sinjumol Sunny and today, I will be talking about how our obsession with celebrity culture has gone too far. Do you think our obsessions are far beyond what they should be? Well, I certainly believe it has crossed its limits a long time ago. We live in a world full of new technologies, which gives us an unlimited access to the tabloids more than ever before. We have televisions, magazines, Internet blogs andsocial networking sites that are filled with enormous amounts of images and news of the world-wide known celebrities. We are at a time where we have more contact with celebrity gossip than we have had ever before. However, we are now faced with a question: what are the effects that these superstars have on us? I strongly believe that celebrities influence fans to be devastatingly thin, to get drunk and be high on drugs and they create a stereotypical image of perfection. Celebrities have become a terrible role model for many young people like us. Figures show that 77% of the peoplein this world believe that celebrities have too much of an influence on young girls. This effect isclear in the appearance and attitudes of young girls around us. They try to imitate the celebrity fashion and follow the latest trends. We have all seen girls as young as ten or twelve years old go around wearing tight clothing and mini skits. They spend hours working out to achieve a size zero figure. There is also a vast amount of girls who starve themselves every day or go on very unhealthy diets just to look like the stereotypical images created by the media and the celebrities. According to the National Institute on the media and the family,40% of nine and ten  year-olds had tried losing weight. This is totally outrageous and these young girls are getting influenced from celebrities like Madonna and Cheryl Cole who have gone too far with their size zero or even double zero figures. It annoys me to see celebrities who are constantly trying to out-skinny each other while this makes the average woman left feeling very conscious about their own figures. I strongly believe that this size zero trend needs to stop and people should be much more responsible about their health especially young girls. With celebrities creating impossible standards of beauty of goddesses, more and more young adults are feeling less confident, angrier, and more dissatisfied with their looks. Without doubt our obsession with the rich and famous celebrities has gone too far. It has gone past the stage that we are even risking our health and lives to follow them. I was shocked to hear that people are willing to hurt themselves because they are willing to do anything for their obsession. We all have seen the hash tags #cutforbieber trending on Twitter. Although it started as a joke, it was surprisingto see so many young girls actually harming themselves. I believe that self-harming is not a fashion or statement. It’s a sign that young people are experiencing extreme distress and need help. Another example of how our obsession with celebrity culture has gone too far is when I see people having their bodies filled with tattoos of their favourite celebrities. Although having one or two is acceptable, seeing One Direction fans with around 70 tattoos on them is without doubt crossing the line. Celebrities often get bizarre tattoos to be in the spotlight. We all know the large scaled tattoo that Cheryl Cole has on her back and Harry Style with countless numbers of tattoos on his body. Many fans are getting the identical tattoos. I believe this is really senselessand people need to be original and if you are putting any tattoo on your body, make it something special to you and something meaningful, rather than a copy of your favourite celebrity tattoo because you have an obsession on them. I believe that celebrity culture has pretty much taken over lives. It is alarming to know that celebrity news often takes the headlines in newspapers and channels above world events. Recently, the news of the birth of Prince George has received huge coverage in the papers so much thatthose important issues that were happening at the time such as the Syria crisis were overshadowed with the news of the new-born Prince. Also the death of Princesses Diana had been due to our obsession of celebrity culture going out of control. Shedied due to a high speed getaway from the reporters and paparazzi that came after her. Although the French courts ruled that photographers were not responsible for her death, it is a known fact that they were an inevitable source to her death and we had a major loss of a very beautiful and humble princess and great role model. It is clearly understood that our obsession with the rich and famous had a cost on us, and on them. Let me ask you a question. Who is your role model? I’m sure almost 90% of you have thought of a celebrity’s name. But are they really and truly the person you want to turn out to be. It is a known fact that many celebrities take drugs. We see them getting high in leaked pictured of private parties and even some showing up drunk at concerts and public functions. It is shameful to think that we are also following what they do and putting our lives at risk. Drinking alcohol and taking drugs seems to be acceptable to many people because their celebrity role models are taking them. However we also do need to think about people such as Michael Jackson and Amy Winehouse who have passed away due to the high intake of drugs. We also see celebrities going into rehabilitation centre because they are so dependent on it. Do we want to turn out like them? On a final note, let us rise up now and stop letting celebrity culture teach us what to do. Let’s be original, and be the person that we truly are inside. Today’s obsession with the lives of the rich and famous has gone too far. Let us stop it there before it gets too late and out of hand. Let’s do it together. We’ve heard what we have to do. We’ve seen what we need to do. Now is the time to do it, and, together, we can stop our obsession with celebrity culture. Thank you, How to cite Sample Speech, Papers

Profit Maximization free essay sample

Explain why a profit maximizing firm produces the output that equates marginal revenues to marginal costs (MR=MC). In a perfectly competitive market, producers are price-takers and consumers are price-takers. There are many producers, none having a large market share and the industry produces a standardized product, also free entry and exit of the industry. They produce using the optimal output rule: produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost as Smith (1904) demonstrated. Figure 1: Types of Market Structure where the behavior of any given firm and the arket it occupies are analyzed using one of four models of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, or monopolistic competition based on two dimensions: products are differentiated or identical and the number of producers in the industry; one, a few, or many. A firm is profitable if total revenue exceeds total cost or,if the market price exceeds its break-even price minimum average total cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Maximization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If market price exceeds the break-even price, the firm is profitable; if not, the firm is unprofitable; if it is equal, the firm breaks even. Fixed costs are irrelevant to the firms ptimal short-run production decision. When the market price is equal to or exceeds the shut-down price, the firm produces at MR = MC. When the market price falls below the shut-down price, the firm ceases production in the short run. Figure 2: Profit maximizing in a Perfect Market or The Price-Taking Firms Profit- Maximizing Quantity of Output. At the profit-maximizing quantity of output, market price = marginal cost, at the point where the marginal cost curve crosses the marginal revenue curve, which is a horizontal line at market price. Here, the profit- aximizing point is at an output of 5 eggs, the output quantity at point E. A monopoly is a sole firm producer of a good that has no close substitutes so it raises its price above the competitive level by reducing output equating market power. Profits persist in the long run because of a barrier to entry by control of natural resources, increasing returns to scale, technological superiority and government-created barriers. An increase in production by a monopolist has two effects on revenue: quantity effect where one more unit is sold, increasing total revenue by the price at hich the unit is sold also a price effect demonstrating that in order to sell the last unit, the monopolist must cut the market price on all units sold decreasing total revenue. Profit-maximizing monopolists choose the output level at which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost not toprice to achieve the greatest revenue possible as Marshall (1909) postulates. Consequently, the monopolist produces less and sells output at a higher price than a perfectly competitive industry, earningprofits in the short and long run. At low levels of output, the quantity effect is tronger than the price effect: as the monopolist sells more, it has to lower the price on only very few units, so the price effect is small. Figure 3: Monopolies: Under perfect competition, the price and quantity are determined by supply and demand. Here, the equilibrium is at C, where the price is moves up the demand curve from C to M, raising the price to PM. As output rises, total revenue falls. Accordingly, at high levels of output, the price effect is stronger than the quantity effect: as the monopolist sells more and has to lower the price on many units of output, making the price effect very large.

Start Of American Revolution Essays - Governors Of Massachusetts

Start Of American Revolution 3 Causes of the final rupture between the 13 colonies and Great Britain between 1763 and 1775 There were many causes that brought on the start of the American Revolution. A great deal of the civil unrest was brought on by the acts that followed the end of the French and Indian War. At the end of the war, most of which was fought on American soil England had incurred a dept almost double that of when William Pitt took office. Because the war was fought for the colonists, much of England believed that that they should be the ones to recoup the great financial loss that England had suffered. The colonists disagreed, as they saw it the French and Indian War served to strengthen Englands hold in the colonies, and as British subjects thy should not be held accountable, while those in Britain had not impact. The first attempt for Britain to recoup their monetary losses came in the form The Revenue Act of 1764, or the Sugar Act, The Sugar Act gave troops the power to act as customs officials and board ships suspected of smuggling and allowed them to seize suspicious cargo. Smugglers caught without paperwork would be prosecuted in a harsh courtroom. Greenville, had hoped that this act would reform smugglers and generate a good income for England. However, this only annoyed American Shippers and enticed smugglers. The next big attempt that Britain put forth was the Stamp Act. The stamp Act was the preface for the first major conflict between Britain and the colonies. The stamp act was something new, a tax precipitated simply to raise money. The Stamp Act said that various types of documentation, such as newspapers, pamphlets, contracts, court documents, licenses, deeds, wills, ships bills of lading, all required a special stamp be embossed on the documents proving the tax had been paid. Also, the stamp was required to be paid in sterling silver, and hard money was very hard to come by in these days. The Act, though passed in February of 1765, did not take effect until November of that year, and by April the colonists had been notified, leaving them with 7 months to formulate a response. While the colonial governors were unlikely to do anything against the king, being that it was he that gave them office, this did not stop the colonial assemblies from meeting to discuss their objections and the ir recourse if they were to all out object. Eight of the colonies held discussions on the Stamp Act. By Octoebr 1765 delegates were sent to New York City by nine of the colonies to what became known as the Stamp Act Congress where they petitioned Greenville for repeal of the Tax. Their demands were to no avail. This distress at this taxation wran much deeper then any group of politicians. This tax affected the livelihood of many Americans, all those who requred any official paperwork would be affected and taxed. Each of these people needed to decide wether or not they would comply with this new law, or should they just boycott alltogether. The first massive effort to resist the act came in Boston, where Samuel Adams organized and led a large street demonstration in which they protest the tax by a mock execution of the designated stamp distributor, and by destroy what was purported to be the new stamp office. These protestors learned how powerful public dmonstration was and folowed i n the coming days with several more incidents. This was a victory for the colonists of Boston because no one volnteered to replace Olicer and on November 1st ships were permitted to pass without the prerequisite stamp, as there were not enough staff to force the issue. In March of 1766 the Stamp Act was repealed but ws replaced by the Declaratory Act which asserted Briotains right to legislate for the colonies. The final acts that I am going to discuss are the Coercive Acts of 1774. There were several happenings between the Stamp and and The Coercive Acts, thought I feel that the Coercive Acts are the real straws that broke the camels backs. The Coercive Acts, more commonly called the Intolerable Acts were in direct

Cytology essays

Cytology essays In Killing immune cells thwarts arthritis, written by John Travis is an experiment discussing the hypothesis and experimentation of Jonathan C. Edwards of The University College London. The topic was rheumatoid arthritis which affects 2.5 million people in the United States. Edwards hypothesis was that the condition stems from bad luck. This all meaning that the body generates millions of B-cells each day. If by bad luck B-cells make antibodies to themselves and other antibodies then this chaos would cause the disease rheumatoid arthritis. Edwards experimentation required the depletion of B-cells, thus eliminating the disease. After much research needed to provide the safety of the patients health, Edwards began with his experiment. Edwards first used twenty patients who had carried the disease for an average of twenty-two years of age and failed to drug treatment. Three drugs were then given to the patients: a B-cell killing antibody and two compounds that suppress new B-cell forma tion. After the completion of the experiment eighteen of the patients resulted with less pain and symptoms of the disease. Overall, Edwards hypothesis and experiment was a success. This article reflects on the class discussions in various ways. First, by the scientific method. The steps were followed as instructed properly. Also discussions over biological organization and the formation of cells to make tissue. B-cells are being discussed within the article and it directly relates to the hierarchy of biological organization. The last point that relates to class discussion is that B-cells produce antibodies which in turn fight off unwanted diseases such as cancer. Reading an article for AP biology helps me relate to many different topics and expand my thinking and relating of experiments to mind and in turn benefits me. As experimented by Jonathan Edwards, the hypothesis followed harmoniously along with the experiment tak ...

Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Biology Notes Essay Chromosomes: They are found inside the nucleus of cells. They are X Shaped Objects that Contain DNA. Each Chromosome is made from two Chromatids. Chromosomes are held together by a disc called a centromere. Chromosomes are always found in Pairs. A| T| G| C| C| G| DNA: It Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is Made from Nucleic acids of ten (referred to as bases). The four bases are Adenine (A) which always pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which always pairs with Guanine (G). Genes: A gene is the short length of the chromosome which is a molecule of a DNA. Genes can exist in Different Versions. Different Versions of the same gene are known as ALLELES. Each gene codes for a specific Protein. Some proteins are Structural, meaning they can form skin, hair, blood and cytoplasm. Others are Functional (enzymes) controlling chemical reactions such as respiration or digestion. Genetic Information is stored by Genes who are arranged on Chromosomes. Variation: This is the Difference between humans. There are two types of variation. The First is Genetic Variation (Caused by your Genes and can’t be changed e.g. your natural hair colour, eye colour). The Second is Environmental Variation (Caused by your surrounding and can be changed e.g. Dying your Hair, Ear Piercings). Genetic Variation: Caused by the DNA in the cells in your body. We Can’t Change this. Environmental Variation: Caused by your Surroundings, Family and Friends. We can Change this. Determining Your Gender: A Sperm Cell has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. An Egg Cell has two X Chromosomes. If the fertilised egg has a X Chromosome from the sperm the Foetus will be a Girl if it has a Y Chromosome (the Chromosome carrying Testosterone) the Foetus will Be a Boy. There is a 50:50 Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl. Further Gender Determination Chromosome pair 23 is known as the Sex Chromosomes. There are two Different types of of Chromosome 23 – The X and Y chromosome. The only Difference is that the Y chromosome carries the gene for testosterone, X does not. All Cells carry at least one X Chromosome. Sperm Cells carry either a Y or X chromosome. Allele – A different version of the same gene. Heterozygous – When There are two types of an allele in the genotype e.g. Bb – Brown. Homozygous – When there is only one type of Allele in the genotype e.g. BB(-Brown) or bb(-Blonde). B = Dominant – Always Expressed, b = Recessive – only expressed in a Homozygous genotype. Natural Cloning * The Hydra (Plant) Shows Budding * Asexual Reproduction – The Spider Plant and Strawberries often reproduce this way. Twins: They are formed by the fertilised egg splitting in half and the two halves turn into to two identical babies. Artificial Cloning For many years, mammals have been cloned by splitting embryos – Artificial Cloning. There are two types of Artificial Cloning Cloning Way 1 1. They take an egg cell from one mammal. 2. A Body Cell is taken from a second mammal (the same mammal as the first) 3. The egg cell nucleus is removed from the cell 4. The body cell nucleus is also removed 5. The Nucleus from the body cell is inserted into the egg cell to make a clone of the Second Mammal. 6. The egg cell divides and is put into the uterus of the first Mammal. The Clone grows into a mature mammal. Cloning Way 2 It isn’t just Reproductive Cloning (Cloning People/mammals) we could use this technology for. Cloning human cells may be useful in treating humans. Reproductive Cloning – When a baby is born from cloning A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which means they can turn into any type of cell required. They can therefore be used to make organs. They Can be used to replace damaged cells. Cystic Fibrosis * 1 in 200 Children are affected by Cystic Fibrosis. * Is an Inherited disease * They produce thick sticky mucus. This can block the air passages and the tubes that carry digestive juices to the gut. * The Child has trouble breathing and absorbing food. * Patients are treated by chest physio-therapy. * The Mucus is a good breeding ground for germs. * Sufferers often get infections and have to be treated with strong antibiotics. At the moment there is no cure. * Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive Allele(c) – So to contract the disease a person must have two recessive alleles (cc). * Heterozygous people (Cc) do not get the disease but can act as carriers and pass it on to their children. * The disease is shown from Birth. * It affects the lungs and gut. Huntington’s Disease * This is a rare inherited disease. * It affects about 1 in 20,000 * It shows up when the patient is about 30 – 40 years old. * The cells of the brain degenerate and the patient makes clumsy and jerky movements. * The sufferers become moody and depressed. * The memory is affected and they eventually become totally disabled. * Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant gene – so only one allele is needed to give the disease. * So all heterozygous people are sufferers because the onset of the disease occurs so late many people have produced a family before they find out they have the condition. * The Organ Effected is the Brain. Bacteria are known as micro-organisms. Many of these cause disease. Those that cause disease are called Pathogens. Other micro-organisms include Protozoans, Fungi and Viruses. Micro Organisms reproduce quickly in warm, damp places. Once inside a host of Pathogens reproduce and cause Infection. * Nat Bites/ Being Bitten * Eating * Touch * Sexually Transmitted * Bugs * Dogs/ Animals * Breathing it in * Birds * Injections * Cuts * Natural Openings * Blood Transplants * Organ Transplants Things that protect our Body from Pathogens * Eyebrows/ Eyelashes * Cilia * Acid * Mucus * Tears * Skin * White Blood Cells * Healing over cuts Gaining Immunity Example 1) James is Infected by some bacteria that causes a disease 2) The bacteria reproduce and James gets ill. 3) One of James’ white blood cells detect the bacteria. It makes anti bodies to destroy the bacteria. 4) The white blood cells reproduce. Now there are lots of them making Anti-bodies. 5) The bacteria are all killed. James gets better. 6) Most of the white blood cells that make the antibodies die, but a few of them stay in the blood. 7) James is infected with the same bacteria again. 8) The white blood cells to make the antibody are still in James’ Blood. So this time they are ready to kill the bacteria very quickly. 9) The bacteria are killed before they can make James ill. He is Immune to this disease. Anti-body = A Chemical made by White blood cells which binds to Antigen. Antigen = A marker on the surface of a Pathogen that identifies it as foreign. Pathogen = A micro-organism which causes Disease. White Blood Cells: * Produce Anti-bodies to neutralise the Microbe * They eat the microbe * They produce anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes. Producing Anti-bodies 1. A White Blood cell detects a pathogen. 2. A White Blood cell produces Anti-bodies. 3. The anti-bodies bind with Antigens. 4. The Pathogen is engulfed by the White Blood Cell. Natural Immunity This is when Anti-bodies are produced by a Person when needed or they are passed on by a mother during Pregnancy. A Vaccine with dead Microbes is injected – the body is ‘tricked’ into producing anti-bodies ready for the real thing. This is called Passive Immunisation. We should use the new influenza vaccines every year because influenza reproduces very quickly. Also it has a high mutation rate, which means that it changes so you need to continually be protected by Influenza. Especially if you suffer from other illnesses, because you would be at risk the most. Also the antigens would have changed shape. Benefits – Wont spread through a large population is a benefit. Also if a woman has a vaccination then falls pregnant she passes the antibodies onto the child. A vaccine Policy is a decision made by the government to vaccinate a large amount of people. This usually only works if the majority of people agree to it. Immunity/ Immune: When your body has already met a Pathogen once and therefore cannot make you ill again Antibody: These attach to pathogens and Stick the together. Vaccine/ Vaccination: An inactive or dead version of a pathogen is introduced into the body. Antigen: The marker on a Pathogen that a White Blood Cell can recognise. White Blood cells: a Cell that produces Antibodies. Antibiotics: * You take them and they kill the bacteria and it makes you better * You have to take them continually * They take a while to settle in * They kill infections * They are produced by Bacteria and Fungi * Are Drugs that are effective at killing Bacteria and Fungi * Antibiotics do not seriously damage body cells * Antibiotics are derived from micro-organisms * Penicillin comes from bread mould and was the first antibiotic discovered. * However they have limited use and have no effect on viruses. Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria and Fungi in an infection in the body. The chemicals are made from Fungi and Bacteria. Antibiotics are Drugs that kill Bacteria and Fungi without harming body cells. These drugs do not affect viruses. A Superbug Bacteria is a Mutation to a Normal Bacteria. It is resistant to normal Antibiotics. How could we help Reduce Superbugs? Hospitals Hospitals can make sure that they treat people with the Superbug properly to stop it from spreading. Keep the Hospital Clean. Inject staff to Stop it Spreading, and to make them Immune. GP Inject people more Often and Give out Leaflets. Drug Companies Make a more effective drug and make a vaccine. The Public Allow people to inject them and make them immune. Antibiotic Resistance 1. The cell starts to replicate the DNA 2. The cell has had the DNA Replicate. So therefore the cell has elongated. 3. The Cell has started budding. 4. Binary Fission has taken place and the cell has cloned itself. A Mutation is a change in the bases that make up DNA. These changes can cause a change in a gene. This can change a Protein and thus affect the Characteristics of an Organism. It is important to do strict test on drugs to check that they are safe for use, do what they are supposed to do and to check the side effects. Drugs are tested on human cells that have been developed in a laboratory (The drug is tested on different body cells), then it is tested on animals (to see whether it works as well on whole animals as on the cells) before it is used on human patients(these are tested on volunteers).The three drug trials are Double blind(both doctor and patient do not know the drug is new), Blind trial(only the patient does not know the drug is true but the doctor does), and Open trial(both doctor and patient know the drug is new). A placebo is when a doctor gives a patient something that does not contain Drugs. A Placebo is used in blind trials. Biology Notes. (2017, Jan 07).